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英语冠词用法系列讲座(六)泛指

英语冠词用法系列讲座(六)泛指

“泛指”是表示没有特别指定的、不具体的、不确定的、普遍的、不被限定的人或事物，是相对于特指而言的。

6.1 不定冠词用于表示泛指：

不定冠词用在单数可数名词前，泛指某一类人或事物，表示同类人或事物中的任何一个或其中之一。

①用在单数可数名词前表示“一”的意义，但着重类别：

Have you a pen? 你有钢笔吗？

I want to buy a book. 我想买本书。

②泛指某一类人或事物，表示同类人或事物中的“任何一个”，比any的意义弱：

A car runs faster than a bike. 汽车比自行车跑得快。

A baby deer can stand as soon as it is born. 幼鹿一生下来就会站立。

③说明某人或某事物属于哪一类，表示“其中之一”：

I’m a student. 我是学生。

He is a famous film star. 他是著名影星。

I have two children, a boy and a girl. 我有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。

Mr. Liu is considered (to be) an excellent English teacher. 刘老师被认为是一位优秀的英语教师。

6.2 零冠词用于表示泛指：

零冠词与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用表示泛指。

①泛指一类人或事物：

Children are usually afraid of the dark. 儿童通常怕黑暗。

Boys are full of imagination. 男孩充满想象力。

She has a passion for music. 她酷爱音乐。

Water is changed into steam by heat and into ice by cold. 水加热变成蒸汽，遇冷则变成冰。

②说明某些人或某些事物属于哪一类：

My father and mother are teachers. 我的父母亲是教师。

What she said is common knowledge. 她所说的是人所共知的。

6.3 man泛指“人类”或“所有人”时用零冠词；man泛指“男人”或woman泛指“女人”时可用单数，现代英语中可加不定冠词，也可用复数：

Man has made history. 人类创造了历史。

Men have made history. 人类创造了历史。

Man is the soul of the universe. 人为万物之灵。

Woman is equal to man. 男女平等。

Man is stronger than woman. 男人比女人强壮。

A man is known by the company he keeps. 观其友，知其人。

Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy. 早睡早起使人身体健康。(通过一个暗示全体)

Men and women have similar abilities and needs. 男人和女人的能力和需要是相似的。

6.4 不定限定词或不定代词等用于表示泛指：

超出冠词范围，需要者可加shengengjingdian微信，我将分享讲解。

冠词是英语中十分重要、意义色彩非常复杂的词，它的使用率很高，是英语中最常用的词。

传统语法将冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类，现代英语将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。

冠词是一种本身不能独立使用的虚词，一般放在名词前面，帮助说明这个名词的含义。

冠词的用法有其规律性，又有其习惯性。有时必须用不定冠词，有时必须用定冠词；有时既可用不定冠词也可用定冠词；有时不用或缺省冠词；有时用或不用冠词，用不定冠词或用定冠词，意义上又差别很大。

为了更好地掌握和使用冠词，我对冠词的用法进行了深入细致的学习和研究、归纳和总结，整理成册，与广大英语爱好者共同学习。需要者可加微信shengengjingdian，我将分享冠词的详细讲解。

《英语冠词》共十章，前五章讲基本知识，后五章讲深入内容，努力解决现有语法书含糊不清的地方，帮助深层次了解冠词的使用，解决冠词使用和考试中出现的疑难问题。

这是一本论述英语冠词的专著。讲述了不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的用法以及冠词的省略和后置，详述了各类词语使用冠词的情形，阐述了泛指、类指、特指、独指的语言现象以及不定冠词与数词one的区别和定冠词与指示限定词的区别，解析了冠词使用中常见的错误。特别适合中学生学习英语冠词时使用，也可供英语爱好者以及专家学者遇到冠词使用的疑难问题时查阅。

《英语冠词》目 录

第一章 不定冠词的用法

第二章 定冠词的用法

第三章 零冠词的用法

第四章 冠词的省略

第五章 冠词的后置

第六章 各类词语使用冠词的情形

第七章 泛指、类指、特指、独指

第八章 不定冠词与数词one的区别

第九章 定冠词与指示限定词的区别

英语有很多容易混淆的词语。在英汉词典中有很多汉语释义雷同或相近的英语词汇，在很多情况下，由于语境、搭配、句型结构等不同，它们之间有的存在细微差异，有的存在很大差别；有些词义相同或相近的词汇在某些情况下可换用，但在另一些情况下却不能换用；这在许多同义词、近义词中都有类似情况，很容易误用和错用。在英语词汇中，有些单词相貌非常相似，但词义却不同，很容易张冠李戴。如果不了解同义词、近义词、近形词等易混词语的区别，尤其是这类词之间的细微差异和习惯用法，就掌握不到规范、地道的英语，在交际和写作中常令人匪夷所思，甚至闹出笑话，因此，熟悉和掌握易混词语的区别和用法是非常重要的。

为此，我学习和研究英语易混词20多年，辨析了560组常用的或疑难的易混词，Word排版，大32开，1128页，80万字，150万字符。为了与网友分享，又编辑了手机版。

以易混词语组为主干，列出一组易混词语，说明这组易混词语的共性和区别，逐词阐释词义及用法，并配有例句及汉语译文，以便系统地掌握一组易混词语的共同点和区别。每组词的解释和说明力求简明扼要、通俗易懂，且又尽量详尽；针对解释和说明，选择例句规范、地道、实用，具有时代特色，容易学习模仿，努力做到层次清楚、主次分明，使人见树又见林，知其然更能知其所以然。

例句涉及天文地理、自然科学、人文科学，学习英语易混词的同时，增加多方面的知识，有些例句包含人生哲理，催人奋进。

《英语易混词辨析》是我20多年对英语易混词学习和研究的总结。每句话都经过反复考究、反复推敲，有时为考究一句话的正误要花上几天甚至几十天，有的一组词的考证总结就用了几年功夫。

shengengjingdian是我的微信号，需要文档中任何内容或者全部文档者，加我微信，我将分享文档，互学共勉。

我决心深耕不辍，打造经典，与万千朋友共勉。非常欢迎广大朋友提供宝贵意见，凡被采纳的独创性见解，我将一一表示感谢！

《英语易混词辨析》目录

1. a, an

2. a, one

3. a, the

4. abandon, desert, discard, forsake, give up

5. abide, bear, endure, stand, suffer, tolerate, put up with, brook

6. ability, capability, capacity, competence, faculty, genius, talent, power, skill, aptitude

7. able, capable, competent, adequate, qualified

8. abnormal, irregular, unusual, eccentric, unnatural, exceptional, subnormal, aberrant

9. aboard, board

10. abolish, abrogate, annul, countermand, repeal, rescind, revoke, cancel, call off, do away with

11. about, approximately, around, roughly

12. about, around, round

13. about, of, on

14. above, beyond, over, more than

15. above, over, on

16. abroad, overseas

17. absolute, complete, entire, perfect, utter, total, thorough, full

18. absorb, digest, assimilate, suck

19. abstract, attract, contract, distract, extract, protract, retract, subtract, tractor

20. abstract, digest, outline, summary, resume, synopsis, gist

21. absurd, ridiculous, preposterous, ludicrous

22. accelerate, quicken, speed

23. accent, dialect, tone, pronunciation, intonation

24. accept, receive

25. accessory, appendix, attachment, supplement, affiliation

26. accompany, company, see, attend, escort, convoy

27. accomplish, achieve, complete, finish, fulfil(l)

28. accomplishment, achievement, exploit, feat, success

29. accord, agree, coincide, conform, correspond, square, tally

30. accord, agreement, convention, treaty, pact, compact, bargain, contract, understanding

31. according to, in accordance with, in accord with

32. accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so

33. accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, gather, congregate, hoard

34. accurate, exact, precise

35. accuse, charge, denounce, blame, condemn, scold, rebuke, reproach, censure, chide, reprove, upbraid, impeach

36. achieve, acquire, obtain, gain, get, attain, earn, derive, secure, win, procure

37. achieve, attain, arrive, reach, gain, get, come to

38. acknowledge, admit, concede, confess, own, recognise, recognize, allow, grant

39. acquaintance, friend, intimate, familiar, confidant, confidante

40. act, action, behave, behavio(u)r, conduct, deed, manner, activity, style

41. actor, actress, performer, player, cast

42. actual, authentic, genuine, positive, practical, real, true, virtual

43. acute, keen, sharp

44. acute, urgent, imperative, critical, crucial, pressing, emergency

45. add, increase, gain, augment, multiply, broaden, widen, lengthen, enlarge

46. add, plus

47. additional, extra, supplementary

48. address, deliver, discourse, lecture, speak, talk, speech, declaim, orate

49. address, greet, hail, salute, welcome

50. adhere, glue, stick, cling, cohere

51. adopt, foster

52. adorn, decorate, ornament, embellish, bedeck, garnish

53. adult, grown-up, mature, ripe, mellow

54. advance, forward, further, promote, expedite

55. advance, move on, proceed, progress, march

56. advanced, progressive, radical

57. advantage, benefit, profit, interest

58. adventure, venture, risk, hazard, chance

59. adverse, contrary, opposite, reverse, contradictory, converse, inverse

60. advice, proposal, proposition, recommendation, suggestion

61. advise, counsel, propose, recommend, suggest

62. advise, persuade, convince, counsel, recommend, urge, induce, coax

63. affair, business, concern, matter, thing

64. affect, effect

65. affect, influence, impress, impact, leverage

66. affection, emotion, feeling, passion, sentiment, sentimentality

67. affirm, allege, assert, claim, declare

68. afraid, fearful, dreadful, frightful, awful, awesome, horrible, horrid, horrific, terrible, terrific, frightened, frightening

69. after, behind

70. afterward(s), later

71. age, epoch, era, period, times, day, date

72. aged, elderly, old

73. ago, before

74. agony, anguish, misery, torment, torture, distress, grief, grieve, mourn, sadden, sadness, sorrow

75. agree, approve, consent, grant, subscribe, be for, accede, assent, concur

76. aid, assist, help

77. air, atmosphere, gas

78. alike, like, parallel, similar, same, identical, equal, comparable

79. alive, live, living

80. all, whole

81. alleviate, ease, lessen, lighten, relieve, abate, allay, assuage, mitigate, soothe, subside

82. allocate, assign, distribute, divide, allot, apportion

83. allow, permit

84. almost, nearly

85. alone, lonely, lone, lonesome, solitary, desolate, forlorn

86. aloud, loud, loudly

87. already, yet

88. also, as well, too, either

89. although, though

90. altogether, all together

91. always, forever, usually, often, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, hardly, rarely, never

92. among, between

93. amount, number

94. amplify, enlarge, expand, magnify

95. analogy, likeness, resemblance, similarity

96. ancient, antique, antiquity

97. anger, indignation, fury, rage, outrage, wrath

98. angle, corner, horn

99. animal, beast, creature, brute

100. announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, publish

101. annoy, bother, disturb, interfere, interrupt, irritate, trouble

102. another, other

103. answer, reply, respond

104. anxiety, care, concern, worry

105. anxious, eager, keen, hungry, thirsty, longing, yearning

106. any, some

107. anyhow, anyway

108. anyone, any one

109. apparent, clear, distinct, evident, manifest, obvious, plain, noticeable, visible

110. appear, arise, emerge, loom, pop, come out

111. appear, look, seem

112. appoint, designate, name, nominate

113. appreciate, enjoy

114. appropriate, fit, fitting, proper, suitable

115. area, district, region, section, zone, belt, quarter, part, ward, neighbo(u)rhood, locality

116. argue, dispute, debate, quarrel, row, reason, squabble

117. arise, rise

118. arms, weapon, armament, weaponry

119. army, troops, force, military

120. article, composition, theme, essay, prose, paper, editorial, thesis, dissertation

121. artificial, synthetic, man-made, fake, false, sham

122. as, like, alike

123. as good as, as well as

124. ashamed, shameful, shameless

125. ask, question, inquire, examine, interrogate, query, demand

126. asleep, sleep, sleeping, sleepy

127. aspire, desire, dying, hunger, long, pine, starve, thirst, yearn, pant, crave

128. associate, colleague, companion, company, fellow, mate, partner, comrade

129. association, society, club, league, union, alliance, federation, fellowship, community

130. assure, ensure, insure, guarantee

131. at, in, on

132. attach, band, bandage, bind, bunch, bundle, chain, fasten, hitch, rope, secure, strap, tape, tie, wrap

133. attempt, try, endeavo(u)r

134. attend, join, participate, take part in, be in for, enter

135. attract, draw, appeal, charm, tempt, lure, allure, entice

136. audience, spectator, listeners, viewers

137. author, writer

138. avenge, revenge, retaliate

139. avenue, street, road, lane, way, expressway, freeway, motorway, highway, highroad, pavement, sidewalk, pedestrian crossing, zebra crossing, pedestrian crosswalk, alley, drive, driveway, parkway, path, footpath, footway, pathway, trace, track, trail, route, course, line

140. avoid, dodge, escape, flee, run away, miss, duck, elude, evade, shun

141. await, wait

142. award, reward, prize, bonus

143. awkward, clumsy, ungainly

144. baby, child, boy, girl, infant, kid, lad, lass, babe, toddler

145. bachelor, master, doctor

146. bad, ill, evil, wicked

147. baffle, bewilder, confuse, embarrass, puzzle, perplex, confound, disconcert, mystify

148. bake, roast, toast, grill, broil, barbecue

149. balance, equilibrate, equilibrium, poise

150. bald, bare, barren, naked, nude, stark

151. ban, forbid, prohibit

152. bank, beach, coast, shore, seaside

153. banner, flag, standard, pennant

154. bar, barricade, barrier, block, roadblock, handicap, hindrance, hurdle, impediment, obstacle, obstruction

155. bar, barricade, block, roadblock, deter, forestall, hamper, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, interfere, interrupt, obstruct, prevent, stop, keep, hold

156. barbarous, bloody, brutal, cruel, ferocious, fierce, inhuman, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, savage, vicious

157. base, basis, foundation

158. basic, elemental, elementary, essential, fundamental, primary, rudimentary

159. bath, bathe

160. bay, bight, cove, creek, fiord, fjord, gulf, inlet

161 be about to do, be going to (do)

162. beam, blaze, glare, glow, ray, shine, light, lighten, illuminate, kindle

163. bear, bore, born, borne, birth

164. beat, defeat, win, victory, conquer, overcome, prevail, triumph, vanquish

165. beautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking

166. because, as, since, for

167. because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to

168. beckon, gesture, motion, sign, signal

169. begin, start

170. believe, trust

171. beloved, favo(u)rite, popular

172. below, under, beneath, underneath

173. beside, besides

174. besides, apart from, aside from, else than, other than

175. besiege, encircle, enclose, envelop, fence, picket, surround

176. better, improve

177. big, large, great

178. bite, gnaw, nibble, chew, peck, lick, devour, swallow

179. bite, gnaw, snap, savage, nibble, peck, sting

180. blank, margin, empty, bare, hollow, vacant, free, void, vacuum

181. blast, blow, burst, explode, dynamite, erupt

182. blemish, flaw, defect, shortcoming, weakness, fault

183. blend, compound, mixture, composite, alloy

184. blend, mix, combine, mingle, merge

185. blink, flare, flash, flicker, glance, gleam, glimmer, glint, glisten, glitter, shimmer, spark, sparkle, twinkle, wink

186. blink, wink, twinkle

187. blush, flush, glow, crimson, redden

188. board, commission, committee, council, jury

189. boat, canoe, craft, dinghy, ferry, raft, yacht, sail, ship, liner, cruiser, vessel, tanker, barge, tug, steamer, sub

190. bold, brave, courage, dare, heroic

191. border, boundary, frontier, barrier, division, limit

192. border, brim, rim, brink, edge, fringe, margin, verge

193. borrow, lend, loan, use

194. both, either, neither

195. bowl, cup, glass, plate, saucer, dish, dishes, spoon, chopsticks, knife, fork

196. branch, bough, limb, twig, spray, shoot

197. brand, make, trademark, label, tag

198. break, burst, chip, crack, crash, crush, fracture, grind, shatter, smash, snap, splinter, split

199. breed, foster, raise, rear, bring up

200. brief, short

201. bring, take, fetch, get

202. broad, wide

203. burden, load

204. business, commerce, trade, bargain, deal, traffic

205. businessman, dealer, merchant, trader, tradesman, retailer, wholesaler

206. button, knob, switch, control, dial, wheel

207. buy, purchase

208. calculate, compute, count, figure, number, reckon, work out

209. calm, quiet, silent, still, placid, restful, serene, tranquil

210. campaign, crusade, drive, movement, motion

211. can, could, be able to

212. can, could, may, might

213. can, could, may, might, must

214. cane, staff, stick

215. cap, hat

216. careful, cautious, discreet, guarded, prudent, prudential, alert, vigilant, wary, watchful

217. carry, bear, hump, tote, haul, lug, cart, run, raft, fly, ship, convey, deliver, ferry, shuttle, hurry, transport

218. case, circumstance, condition, situation, state, status

219. catastrophe, calamity, disaster, plague, tragedy

220. catch, clutch, grasp, grip, seize, capture, clasp, grab, snatch, arrest, trap

221. cause, reason

222. caution, warn, forewarn, admonish

223. celebrate, congratulate, compliment

224. centre, core, focus, heart, hub, nucleus, middle

225. certain, sure

226. chance, occasion, opportunity, break

227. change, alter, convert, vary, transform, turn, adapt, modify, adjust, accommodate

228. channel, strait

229. character, individuality, personality, nature

230. charter, hire, lease, let, rent, tenant

231. chase, catch, pursue, hunt, be after

232. check, examine, inspect, test, verify, go over, go through, look over, look through

233. chief, main, major, primary, prime, principal, capital, central, key, leading

234. choice, pick, alternative, option, election, selection, vote, preference

235. choose, pick, select, prefer, elect, vote, opt

236. circle, circuit, encircle, orbit, revolve, rotate, swivel, wheel, crank, pivot, spin, whirl, twirl, twist, swirl, turn, roll, round

237. cite, quote

238. class, course, lesson

239. clay, earth, ground, mud, soil, land

240. clever, wise, smart, bright, brilliant, gifted, ingenious, intellectual, intelligent, sagacious, shrewd, apt, cute

241. climate, weather

242. climb, crawl, creep, ascend, mount, scale, scramble

243. close, conclude, end, finish, terminate

244. close, shut

245. clothe, dress, wear, put on, have on, be in

246. clothes, clothing, coat, dress, suit

247. coarse, crude, rude, rough, harsh, vulgar

248. cold, bleak, chill, chilly, cool, warm, warmth, heat, hot

249. column, file, queue, rank, row, line, range, procession

250. come, go

251. comfort, console, relieve, solace, soothe, appease, placate, pacify

252. comfort, ease

253. command, direct, instruct, order, bid, dictate

254. common, general, universal, normal, ordinary, usual, average, commonplace

255. compare, contrast

256. compel, constrain, enforce, force, impel, impose, oblige

257. complex, complicated, intricate, involved

258. component, constituent, element, ingredient

259. compose, comprise, consist of, constitute, form, make

260. comprehensible, comprehensive

261. concentrate, focus

262. concept, conception, notion, idea, outlook, opinion, thinking, thought, judgement, view, viewpoint

263. concern, concerned, concerning

264. conduct, direct, guide, lead, navigate, pilot, steer, usher

265. confine, limit, restrict

266. connect, join, joint, link, combine, couple, associate, unite, unify

267. consequence, effect, result, outcome, upshot, finding, fruit

268. consequence, importance, significance, value, magnitude

269. consign, despatch, dispatch, express, forward, freight, mail, email, post, send

270. conspire, plot, scheme

271. contain, include, involve, comprise, cover, embrace

272. content, fulfil(l), gratify, meet, please, satisfy

273. continual, continuous, consecutive, successive, constant, persistent, perpetual straight, ceaseless, incessant, nonstop, uninterrupted

274. continually, continuously

275. continuance, continuation, continuity

276. continue, carry, go on, move on, proceed, resume, persist, endure, hold, keep, last

277. continue, keep, lie, remain, rest, sit, stand, stay, hold, last

278. contribute, dedicate, devote, donate

279. cook, cooker

280. cope, deal, dispose, handle, manage, treat

281. cordial, earnest, genuine, hearty, sincere

282. corridor, passage, aisle, hall, porch, veranda(h), gallery, catwalk, walkway

283. cost, expend, spend, take

284. costly, dear, expensive

285. country, countryside, village

286. country, nation, state

287. couple, pair

288. crazy, frantic, insane, mad, nuts

289. create, invent, discover, find

290. crime, evil, guilt, offence, offense, sin, vice, violation, misdeed, wrongdoing

291. criminal, evil, guilty, sinful, wicked

292. crop, harvest, reap, yield

293. cross, across, over

294. crowd, throng, squash, lot, mob, rabble, horde, band, parcel, gang, drove, flock, herd, pack, school, shoal, swarm, company, party, group, colony, multitude, cloud, host, troop, cluster, crop, crush, wave

295. cry, wail, blubber, bawl, howl, weep, snivel, sob, whimper, whine, tear

296. cure, heal, mend, remedy, treat, doctor, medicate

297. custom, habit, manner, convention, practice, tradition, use, usage, way

298. customary, accustomed, conventional, habitual, traditional, usual, used

299. customer, client, patron, guest, passenger, consumer, buyer, purchaser, shopper

300. damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, wound, disable, cripple, paralys<z>e, mar, spoil, bruise, burn, cut, scratch, maim, pull, tear, strain, sprain, twist, wrench

301. damp, dank, humid, moist, muggy, wet

302. danger, hazard, peril, risk

303. dangerous, hazardous, perilous, precarious, risky, unsafe

304. dark, black, dim, dusky, gloomy, obscure

305. deceive, cheat, trick, defraud, swindle, fool, con, fleece, impose

306. decide, determine, resolve, settle, make up one’s mind

307. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, reduce

308. decline, descend, fall, drip, drop, sink, subside, degrade, fail

309. deep, deeply

310. deep, profound

311. defend, guard, preserve, protect, safeguard, ensure, secure, shield

312. defer, delay, postpone, prolong, protract, put off, retard, suspend

313. delicate, faint, feeble, fragile, frail, impotent, infirm, limp, soft, weak

314. depend, rely, bank, count, reckon, rest, trust

315. deprive, dispossess, divest, rob, strip

316. deride, gibe, jibe, jeer, laugh at, mock, rag, ridicule, scoff, scorn, sneer, taunt, tease

317. desirable, desirous

318. desk, table

319. despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, for all, with all

320. destroy, damage, demolish, devastate, raze, ruin, wreck

321. die, death, dead, deadly, deathly, dying

322. die, drown, execute, hang, kill, poison, strangle, starve

323. die, expire, pass, perish, decease

324. differ, disagree, disapprove, dissent, divide, object, oppose

325. different, various, diverse, distinct, distinctive

326. differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, tell

327. difficult, hard

328. digit, figure, number, numeral

329. disability, inability

330. disable, enable, unable

331. disappear, fade, vanish, merge, lift, swallow

332. disclose, expose, reveal, uncover

333. disease, illness, sickness, complaint, disorder, trouble, ailment, malady, malaise

334. dispatch, hasten, hurry, rush

335. dispel, disperse, dissipate, scatter

336. display, exhibit, expose, show

337. disposition, temper, temperament

338. distant, far, remote

339. divide, divorce, part, insulate, isolate, segregate, separate

340. do, make

341. doctor, physician, surgeon, dentist, psychiatrist, resident, practitioner, GP

342. door, gate, exit, gateway

343. doubt, suspect, question, distrust, mistrust

344. drag, draw, haul, jerk, lug, pull, stretch, tow, tug, trail

345. dread, fear, fright, horror, panic, scare, startle, terror, alarm

346. drift, float

347. drill, exercise, practice, train

348. drink, have, gulp, lick, sip, slurp, suck, swallow

349. drive, ride, fly, sail, motor

350. duty, obligation, responsibility, liability

351. each, every

352. each other, one another

353. earnest, grave, serious, sober, solemn

354. eat, dine, have, take, help yourself

355. economic, economical, economically, economics, economy, financial, financially, finance, fiscal

356. educate, instruct, teach, school, train, coach, tutor

357. effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient

358. effort, endeavo(u)r, exert, pains, struggle, strain, strive, take … trouble

359. elder, eldest; older, oldest

360. electric, electrical, electronic

361. elegant, graceful

362. elongate, extend, lengthen, stretch, prolong, protract

363. else, other

364. embrace, hug, clasp, cradle, press, squeeze, cuddle, clinch

365. emphasise, stress, underline, underscore, accent, accentuate, highlight

366. employ, engage, hire

367. encounter, meet

enough, sufficient, adequate, 368. ample, plentiful

369. environment, surroundings, circumstance, conditions

370. especially, particularly, specially

371. esteem, hono(u)r, regard, respect, revere, reverence, adore, worship, admire, homage

372. event, accident, incident, occurrence, casualty, mishap, happening

373. eventual, eventually; final, finale, finally; last, lastly, at last; ultimate, ultimately; at length, in the end

374. everybody, everyone, every one

375. examination, quiz, test, final, oral, makeup

376. example, instance, case, illustration

377. example, model, pattern

378. exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo, outstrip

379. except, but, excluding, bar, beyond, outside, save, unless, short of, next to, no counting, otherwise

380. excuse, forgive, pardon, overlook

381. exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive

382. exist, live, survive

383. expand, swell, dilate, distend, inflate

384. expert, specialist, authority, guru, pundit

385. extend, spread, stretch

386. exterior, external, outer, outside, outward

387. fade, wilt, wither

388. fair, fairly

389. fairly, quite, rather, pretty, very

390. fame, glory, hono(u)r, name, prestige, renown, reputation, repute, stature

391. family, home, house, household

392. farther, further; farthest, furthest

393. fast, quick, rapid, swift, prompt, speedy, express, hasty

394. fee, charge, cost, expense, fare, freight, toll, tip, expenditure

395. few, a few, little, a little

396. fighter, soldier, warrior

397. film, movie, picture, cinema

398. find, look, search, seek, hunt, comb, rake, rummage

399. fine, good, nice, well

400. fire, burn, blaze, flame, flare, light, ignite, kindle

401. fit, suit, match

402. fittings, fixture, furniture

403. flesh, meat

404. flower, bloom, blossom

405. fluid, liquid, gas, solid

406. fog, mist, haze, smog

407. follow, trace, track, trail, tail, shadow, stalk

408. foolish, silly, stupid, dull, fatuous

409. force, power, strength, energy, might, vigour

410. forceful, forcible

411. forecast, foresee, foresight, foretell, forewarn, predict, prophecy, prophesy

412. foregoing, former, preceding, previous, prior

413. forest, jungle, bushes, shrubbery, wood(s), grove

414. forget, leave

415. form, shape, figure, outline, profile

416. game, match, race, quiz, final, rival, compete, contend, contest, dispute, scramble

417. gift, present

418. give, accord, award, confer, grant, present, entitle, bestow, vouchsafe

419. glad, happy, pleasant, nice, cheerful, agreeable, delightful, jolly, joyful, joyous, merry, gay

420. good-bye, bye, bye-bye, so long, farewell

421. grand, magnificent, splendid, superb, glorious, gorgeous, spectacular, imposing, majestic, sublime

422. grow, plant, cultivate, crop, seed, sow

423. happen, occur, chance, break out, take place, befall

424. harbo(u)r, port, seaport, dock, pier, jetty, quay, wharf

425. hard, harsh, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern, strict

426. hardly, scarcely, barely

427. heading, headline, title, theme, subject, topic

428. heap, pile, stack, mass, bank

429. hear, listen

430. height, altitude, elevation, stature

431. hide, conceal, bury, cache, cloak, cover, disguise, harbo(u)r, mask, screen, shelter, suppress, veil

432. high, tall, lofty

433. hint, imply, indicate, intimate, suggest, allude, insinuate

434. holiday, vacation, leave, festival, furlough

435. hope, want, wish

436. hunger, hungry, starve, starvation, famine, famish

437. identify, recognise, recognize, make out, pick out, place, know, spot, tell

438. idle, lazy, indolent

439. ill, sick

440. imaginable, imaginary, imaginative

441. important, significant, vital, momentous

442. in addition to, as well as, on top of, over and above, among other things, more than, along with

443. income, pay, salary, wage

444. individual, personal, private, intimate, privy

445. information, info, intelligence, message, news, tidings, word

446. insist, persevere, persist, adhere, cling, assert, stay, maintain, hang, hold, keep, stick, endure

447. intend, mean, plan, be going to, be thinking of

448. invaluable, priceless, precious, valuable, valued

449. investigate, enquire, inquire, probe, survey

450. jest, joke, banter, kid, tease, quip

451. job, task, duty, chore, labour, toil, work

452. jump, leap, bound, bounce, hop, skip, spring, clear, gambol, hurdle, vault

453. kind, sort, type, category, class, classification, breed, species, variety

454. lack, absent, absence, deficient, deficiency, scarce, scarcity, short, shortage, want, need

455. landscape, outlook, panorama, perspective, prospect, scene, scenery, sight, spectacle, view

456. late, later, latter, latest, last, lately, latterly, lastly

457. lately, recently, not long ago, soon

458. laugh, chortle, guffaw, roar, mirth, chuckle, giggle, simper, smirk, snicker, snigger, titter, grin, beam, smile

459. lawsuit, suit, proceed, action, case, cause, litigate, sue, prosecute, indict, appeal

460. lay, lie

461. lay, place, put, set

462. learn, study

463. lie, falsehood, fib, story

464. lift, raise, elevate, hoist, heave

465. list, schedule, timetable, table, form

466. little, small

467. locality, location, place, position, site, situation, spot, scene

468. look, see, watch

469. love, lover, lovely, loving, lovable

470. luck, chance, break, lot, fortune, fate, destiny, doom

471. machine, machinery

472. many, a (large) number of, a (great, large) multitude (of), a good few (of)

473. map, atlas, chart, plot, design, blueprint, draft, sketch, plan, diagram, graph, illustration, figure, artwork

474. mark, tick, check, sign, symbol, character, brand

475. material, matter, substance, stuff

476. medicine, drug, specific, remedy, cure

477. meeting, conference, convention, assembly, rally, congress, council, session, summit, gathering, caucus

478. memoris<z>e, recall, recollect, remember, remind

479. mend, patch, repair, fix

480. method, means, way, manner, approach, process, mode, system, fashion

481. mighty, powerful

482. migrate, migrant, migration; emigrate, emigrant, emigration; immigrate, immigrant, immigration

483. mission, task, assignment

484. mistake, blunder, fault, error, slip, wrong

485. moment, instant, minute, second, flash

486. more, most, a lot (of), a large quantity (of), plenty (of), a (great, huge) mass of

487. move, remove, shift, transfer

488. much, a large amount of, a good deal (of), a fair bit (of)

489. much, very

490. name, title

491. neighbo(u)rhood, vicinity, proximity

492. nervous, tense, stressful

493. no, not

494. object, objective, purpose, aim, end, goal, target

495. offer, proffer, provide, supply, afford, accommodate, equip, furnish, tender, volunteer

496. only, sole, single, unique

497. origin, root, source, spring, beginning, birth, cause

498. ought to, should

499. pain, ache

500. pass, past

501. peak, summit, top, climax, zenith

502. percent, per cent, percentage

503. phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

504. picture, painting, drawing, outline, sketch, portrait, landscape, caricature, cartoon

505. plan, design, blueprint, program(me), project

506. poem, poetry, verse, stanza, epic, lyric, doggerel, jingle

507. possible, likely, probable

508. possibly, perhaps, maybe, likely, probably

509. press, compress, depress, express, impress, oppress, repress, suppress

510. price, charge, cost

511. problem, question

512. proportion, rate, ratio, scale

513. quality, quantity, mass, weight

514. quiver, shiver, tremble, thrill, vibrate, shake, shudder, convulse, quake, quaver, tremor

515. rare, scarce, at a premium

516. react, reaction; respond, response

517. refuse, reject, decline, deny, repel, repulse, rebuff

518. relate, relation, relationship, relative, relativity

519. rescue, save, deliver, redeem

520. respectable, respected, respectful

521. respecting, respective

522. responsible, responsive

523. school, university, college, academy, institute

524. seat, sit

525. sensible, sensitive

526. shall, should, will, would

527. shout, bawl, cry, call, exclaim, holler, yell, scream, shriek, screech, squall, squeal, squeak, wail, bark, bay, growl, howl, snarl, whine, yap, yelp, yip, bellow, roar, thunder

528. slow, slowly

529. smell, taste, odo(u)r, fragrance, perfume, scent, incense, stink, whiff, aroma, flavo(u)r, savo(u)r, tang

530. some time, some times, sometime, sometimes

531. sound, noise, voice

532. soundless, noiseless, voiceless

533. speed, velocity, rate, pace, tempo, gallop

534. stop, cease, halt, pause, quit

535. storm, tempest, hurricane, typhoon, gale, cyclone, tornado, waterspout, twister, whirlwind, blizzard

536. story, legend, tale, romance, narrative, narration, anecdote, fable, folklore, myth, fiction, novel, saga

537. surprise, wonder

538. symbol, attribute, badge, token, emblem

539. technical, technological

540. technique, technology

541. thank, appreciate, oblige

542. thin, lean, slender, slight, slim, spare, lanky, gaunt, scrawny, bony, skinny

543. think, believe, consider, count, deem, reckon, regard

544. throw, cast, heave, fling, hurl, pitch, toss

545. till, until

546. tired, tiring, tiresome

547. tired, weary, fatigued, exhausted

548. traffic, transport, transportation, conveyance, vehicle

549. transmit, carry, convey, conduct

550. travel, journey, tour, trip, voyage, cruise, excursion, jaunt, junket

551. used to, would; be used to, be accustomed to

552. valuable, invaluable; precious, priceless

553. value, worth

554. variable, varied, various, variance, variant, variation, variety

555. visit, call, drop, see, look, come, stop

556. wake, waken, awake, awaken, arouse, rouse

557. walk, pace, step, stride, stroll, strut, plod

558. war, campaign, battle, combat, conflict, fight, warfare

559. -ward, -wards

560. worth, worthwhile, worthy, deserve, merit