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媒库文选受惊后的反应是心灵之窗

How You React When Startled

Is a Window Into Your Soul

受惊后的反应是心灵之窗

To understand the expressive range of the human face， nothing beats watching a colleague scream his head off in slow motion. When my lab began to study protective reflexes in the early 2000s， the video cameras came out and the place became a scare factory. Graduate students took to lurking in hidden corners and lunging out with Velociraptor shrieks. Sundry plastic bugs and a pair of taxidermized monkey arms found their way inside the lunch refrigerator. I confess， I once took a cow eyeball from a dissection class， wrapped it in foil， and gave it to a colleague as a chocolate truffle.

By filming the reactions and reviewing the videos frame by frame， we began to realize that the startle reflex might be an evolutionary point of origin for many of our most common human emotional expressions.

When you look at still frames of a startle reaction， two features stand out: the pursing of skin around the eyes and the flashing of teeth. As the face scrunches， the upper lip pulls up， baring the upper teeth in a way that looks like a fleeting smile or a laugh. A lot of guesses have been floated about the purpose of this part of the movement. If you're about to be attacked， maybe it's good to appear as if you're ready to bite. But a close look at the movement， especially if you measure muscle activity in the face， suggests a different function: eye protection. If you expose your teeth to bite a hamburger，you recruit a set of muscles that ring the mouth. In contrast， the startle reflex recruits muscles around the eyes and in the cheeks. The forehead is mobilized downward and the cheeks are mobilized upward， dragging the upper lip with them—and shielding the eyes in wrinkles.

You'll know what I mean if you've ever walked from a dark indoor space into a bright， sun-saturated summer day. Your whole face contracts into a kind of sun smile， or maybe a sun grimace， exposing your upper teeth， bunching your cheeks upward， and wrinkling the skin around your eyes to protect them from the excess light.

They say that the eyes are the windows to the soul. But the eyeballs themselves aren't really the windows. If you could look at a pair of eyeballs minus the rest of the face， you'd only learn where the eyes are looking and how dilated the pupils are. For reading another person，it's everything surrounding the eyes that matters the most. The windows to the soul are the eyelids that can narrow skeptically or open wide， the eyebrows that move and shape expressively， the sly wrinkles at the outer corners or on the bridge of the nose， the upward bunching of the cheeks—the many tensions and relaxations rioting around the center.

Ask any professional portraitist and you will be told that although the eyes are the most important part of the portrait， the eyeballs themselves are not so interesting to paint. They're merely bluish-white ovals with a black dot and a reflection. The emotional expression， and the challenge to the painter， lies in all the subtleties crowding around the eyeballs.

It may not be a coincidence that those true windows to the soul correspond so exactly to the epicenter of the startle reflex. The startle has a side effect that has nothing to do with self-protection: It broadcasts personal information well beyond the simple fact that you are startled. The reason is that your moods and thoughts strongly influence how your startle reflex manifests itself in any given moment. As much as the reflex relies on primitive pathways through the base of the brain that evolved before any higher thought or emotion， it is nonetheless influenced by networks all throughout the brain. Emotions，attention， and expectation sift through the cerebral circuitry， affect the startle reflex， and shape the way it looks to others.

The startle reflex is not， itself， a social gesture. It's not a smile， a laugh， or a frown. It's simply a reflex that evolved to protect the body. But it puts you at risk，too. By leaking signs about your inner state to the rest of the world， it becomes an exploitable data breach. And it's not subtle. You might as well put a neon billboard on your head.

要了解人脸的丰富表情，最佳办法莫过于观察同事失声尖叫的慢动作。当我所在的实验室21世纪初开始研究防御反射时，摄像机派上了用场，实验室成了恐怖工厂。研究生们开始躲在隐蔽的角落，然后像迅猛龙那样尖叫着，突然冲出来。午饭冰箱里放入了各式各样的塑料虫和一副猴子标本剥制手臂。我承认，我一度从解剖课上拿了一颗牛眼球，包在箔片里，然后当作松露巧克力给了一位同事。

通过拍摄记录人们的反应并逐帧回看视频录相，我们开始意识到惊吓反射可能是我们很多最常见的人类情感表达方式的进化起源。

当你凝视惊吓反应的静止画面时，可以发现两个明显特征：眼睛周围的皮肤起皱，牙齿露出来。随着面部扭曲挤压，上唇向上拉起，露出上牙，仿佛短暂的微笑或大笑。关于这部分动作有各种猜测。如果面临攻击，也许最好表现出准备张口咬人。但是，细究之下，特别是如果打量一下面部的肌肉活动，就会发现不同的功能：保护眼睛。如果露出牙齿吃汉堡，那需要动用嘴巴四周的一整套肌肉。相比之下，惊吓反射需要动用眼睛周围和脸颊上的肌肉。前额向下，脸颊向上并拉动上唇，把眼睛保护在皱纹里。

如果你曾经从黑暗的室内走进晴朗明媚夏日的阳光下，你就会懂我的意思。你的整张脸会缩成一种阳光照射下的微笑或者也许叫阳光刺激下的鬼脸，露出上排牙齿，脸颊向上鼓起，皱起眼睛四周的皮肤，以保护眼睛免受过多光线刺激。

人们说眼睛是心灵的窗户。但是，眼球本身其实并不是窗户。如果能撇开面部其他部位单看一对眼球，你就只能看出眼睛看向何方、瞳孔有多圆。要想揣摩他人，眼睛周边最为重要。心灵之窗是能在怀疑时变窄也能睁大的眼睑，是动作和形状富于表现力的眉毛，外眼角或鼻梁上的皱纹，是向上鼓起的脸颊——是围绕中心的各种紧张与松弛。

不妨问问任何一位职业肖像画家，他会告诉你，尽管眼睛是肖像中最重要的部位，但是眼球本身并不值得着力刻画。它们只是青白色的椭圆，上面有个小黑点和一个映像。情感表达以及画家面临的挑战在于聚集在眼球周边的所有微妙之处。

那些名副其实的心灵之窗与惊吓反射的中心是完全一致的，这也许并非偶然。惊吓有一个与自我保护没有任何关系的附带产物：它传达出的个人信息远远不止你受到惊吓这一简单事实。原因在于：情绪和思维极大影响着惊吓反射在特定时刻的表现方式。反射依赖大脑底部早于高级思维或情感进化了的原始路径，但也同样受大脑里面各处网状系统的影响。情感、注意力和期望通过脑回路，影响惊吓反射，塑造它向他人展示的方式。

惊吓反射本身并非社交动作。它不是微笑、大笑或皱眉。它只是一种进化出来保护身体的反射作用。但是，它也给你带来风险。由于惊吓反射向外人泄露关于你内心状态的信号，它成了可被利用的数据泄露。而且它并不隐晦。就和头上顶个霓虹广告牌差不多。（郑国仪译自美国《大西洋》月刊网站4月17日文章）